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Michael Hall's avatar

How do you research a sociology phd?

In a sociology PhD, research usually starts with finding a sharp question about how society works—things like inequality, culture, institutions, or social change.

You dig deep into the existing literature, then design a study using methods like interviews, surveys, ethnography, or statistical analysis of large datasets. After that comes collecting and analysing the data, and writing it all up as a dissertation under your supervisor’s guidance.

Most of the real work happens in those middle years once the topic is locked in.

Did Jason Arday do all of this?

Yes. Jason Arday completed a PhD in education in 2015. His thesis looked at peer-mentoring among student teachers and how it supports reflective practice, using action research methods.

He ran a small qualitative study with interviews, workshops, reflective exercises and questionnaires, analysed the data, and wrote it all up as a dissertation—the standard research steps.

How small?

Just four student teachers in the main peer-mentoring part of the study.

There was some wider early data—questionnaires from about two dozen people and a couple of interviews with teacher educators—but the core intervention and findings rested on those four participants.

Isn’t this a poor standard even for sociology?

Small samples are normal in qualitative work, especially action research or in-depth studies of a specific process. The goal is depth, not statistical generalisation, so four people can be acceptable if the analysis is rigorous and the insights are strong.

That said, four is on the very low end even for that approach. Critics have argued the study’s design, limited scope, and the way findings were presented made the overall contribution thin for a doctoral thesis. The later plagiarism allegations only strengthened the view that the standard was poor.

Diana N's avatar

Does this kind of poor judgment from the NEJM cast doubt on everything from that source? How long should once storied institutions continue to rest on wilted laurels?

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